Why Is the Sky Blue (and Sunsets Red)? Explained in Two Minutes
The sky is blue because air scatters short (blue) wavelengths of sunlight much more than long (red) ones — Rayleigh scattering. Why it is…
Read article →Build Your Own LLM, Lesson 2: Write a BPE Tokenizer in Python
Build Your Own LLM, Lesson 2: Write a BPE Tokenizer in Python
Build the byte-pair encoding tokenizer used by GPT-style models from scratch in about 40 lines of Python: training merges, encoding, decoding and why the…
Read article →Build Your Own LLM, Lesson 1: How a Language Model Actually Works
Build Your Own LLM, Lesson 1: How a Language Model Actually Works
A plain-English tour of what happens inside ChatGPT-style models: tokens, probabilities, training on next-token prediction, and why a model that only guesses the next…
Read article →Dependent Dropdown Lists in Excel (Two Methods That Actually Work)
Dependent Dropdown Lists in Excel (Two Methods That Actually Work)
Create a second dropdown that changes with the first — Category then Product, Country then City — using INDIRECT with named ranges or a…
Read article →Office Scripts: Automate Excel on the Web Without VBA
Office Scripts: Automate Excel on the Web Without VBA
Office Scripts bring automation to Excel for the web and Microsoft 365. Record a script, read the TypeScript it creates, and write a report-formatting…
Read article →Excel Pivot Tables: The Complete Guide from First Click to Dashboard
Excel Pivot Tables: The Complete Guide from First Click to Dashboard
Build pivot tables step by step: layout, value settings, Show Values As, grouping dates, slicers and timelines, calculated fields, distinct counts, GETPIVOTDATA, refresh tricks…
Read article →Oracle EPM Cloud Explained: Planning, FCCS, Narrative Reporting and More
Oracle EPM Cloud Explained: Planning, FCCS, Narrative Reporting and More
A plain-English map of Oracle EPM Cloud: what Planning, Financial Consolidation and Close, Account Reconciliation, Narrative Reporting and EDM each do — and how…
Read article →Build a RAG Chatbot That Answers From Your Own PDFs and Excel Files (Complete Guide)
Build a RAG Chatbot That Answers From Your Own PDFs and Excel Files (Complete Guide)
Step-by-step guide to retrieval-augmented generation in Python: load PDFs and Excel sheets, chunk them, create embeddings, search by meaning, and answer with a local…
Read article →Google Search Operators Cheat Sheet: Find Anything Faster
Google Search Operators Cheat Sheet: Find Anything Faster
Search operators that make Google far more precise: exact phrases, site search, excluding words, file types, OR, number ranges and more — with practical…
Read article →AI Agents and Tool Calling Explained (With a 20-Line Example)
AI Agents and Tool Calling Explained (With a 20-Line Example)
What people mean by AI agents: a model in a loop that can call tools such as search, a calculator or your database. How…
Read article →LoRA Fine-Tuning Explained: Teach an LLM New Tricks on One GPU
LoRA Fine-Tuning Explained: Teach an LLM New Tricks on One GPU
How LoRA fine-tuning works, why it trains less than 1% of a model’s parameters, when fine-tuning beats prompting or RAG, and a minimal Hugging…
Read article →Remove Duplicates in Excel: 3 Quick Ways (and Which to Use)
Remove Duplicates in Excel: 3 Quick Ways (and Which to Use)
Three ways to remove duplicates in Excel — the Remove Duplicates button, the UNIQUE function and Advanced Filter — with when each is the…
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