Guardrails, Cost Limits and Logging for AI Agents
Make an agent safe to share: turn limits, a cost ceiling, read-only tools, approval for risky actions, prompt-injection awareness and a log you can…
Read article →AI & ML
Artificial intelligence explained by building it: machine learning, neural networks, LLMs, RAG and agents — plus how to build your own language model.
An AI Agent That Searches Your Documents
An AI Agent That Searches Your Documents
Turn RAG into a tool: the agent decides when to search, can search more than once with better wording, and combines document answers with…
Read article →Better Retrieval: Chunk Size, Scores and a “Don’t Know” Threshold
Better Retrieval: Chunk Size, Scores and a “Don’t Know” Threshold
Measure retrieval instead of guessing: build a small test set, compare chunk sizes, and add a score threshold so the assistant refuses when your…
Read article →RAG: Make AI Answer From Your Own Documents
RAG: Make AI Answer From Your Own Documents
Retrieval-augmented generation in plain Python: split documents into chunks, score them against a question, and send only the best chunks to the model with…
Read article →Your First Tool-Using AI Agent in Python
Your First Tool-Using AI Agent in Python
Build a working agent loop with the Claude API: define tools as JSON schemas, run the model, execute tool calls and send results back…
Read article →What an AI Agent Really Is (and When You Don’t Need One)
What an AI Agent Really Is (and When You Don’t Need One)
An AI agent is a model in a loop with tools. Learn the loop, the difference between a chatbot, a workflow and an agent,…
Read article →OpenClaw Alternatives Compared: OpenHuman, ZeroClaw, PicoClaw, NanoClaw, IronClaw and More
OpenClaw Alternatives Compared: OpenHuman, ZeroClaw, PicoClaw, NanoClaw, IronClaw and More
The OpenClaw ecosystem explained: lightweight rewrites in Rust, Go, Zig and C, security-focused agents with sandboxing, OpenHuman’s Rust agent harness, and cloud options like…
Read article →Open-Source AI Agents: OpenClaw, OpenHands, Aider, n8n and More — What They Do and How to Install
Open-Source AI Agents: OpenClaw, OpenHands, Aider, n8n and More — What They Do and How to Install
A guide to popular open-source AI agent software — OpenClaw personal assistant, OpenHands coding agent, Aider, Open Interpreter, n8n and CrewAI — with install…
Read article →Meta Llama Models Explained: Llama 1, 2, 3 and 4 — What Changed Each Time
Meta Llama Models Explained: Llama 1, 2, 3 and 4 — What Changed Each Time
A clear history of Meta’s open-weight Llama models: Llama 1 (2023) to Llama 4 Scout and Maverick (2025), with sizes, context length, licences, what…
Read article →How a Neural Network Learns, Explained With a Spreadsheet
How a Neural Network Learns, Explained With a Spreadsheet
Build a single neuron in Excel: weights, bias, activation, error and gradient descent — step by step with formulas, so the idea behind deep…
Read article →AI Models Compared: GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama, DeepSeek, Qwen, Mistral and More
AI Models Compared: GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama, DeepSeek, Qwen, Mistral and More
A practical guide to today’s popular AI model families — OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude, Google Gemini, Meta Llama, DeepSeek, Qwen, Mistral, Gemma, Kimi and…
Read article →From GPT-1 to GPT-5: The Complete History of OpenAI’s GPT and ChatGPT
From GPT-1 to GPT-5: The Complete History of OpenAI’s GPT and ChatGPT
How OpenAI’s GPT models evolved — GPT-1, GPT-2, GPT-3, ChatGPT, GPT-4, GPT-4o, the o-series reasoning models, open-weight gpt-oss and GPT-5 — with what each…
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