RANDARRAY Function in Excel: A Whole Grid of Random Numbers
RANDARRAY returns an array of random numbers, optionally whole numbers between limits — instant test data.
Read article →Math & Trig
Excel Math & Trig functions explained with syntax, examples and common mistakes.
📊
← Excel
Math & Trig
Excel Math & Trig functions explained with syntax, examples and common mistakes.
📄 83 articles⬇️ 61 with practice files🕒 Updated 12 Oct 2026
🎓 Start here: Excel for India Course → 🎓 Start here: Excel Course: Beginner → Expert → 🎓 Start here: Bank Statement Automation →PERCENTOF Function in Excel: Share of the Total
PERCENTOF Function in Excel: Share of the Total
PERCENTOF returns a subset’s share of a total — mostly used inside GROUPBY and PIVOTBY to show % of total.
Read article →RAND Function in Excel: Random Decimal Between 0 and 1
RAND Function in Excel: Random Decimal Between 0 and 1
RAND returns a new random number between 0 and 1 on every recalculation — useful for random samples and shuffling.
Read article →RANDBETWEEN Function in Excel: Random Whole Numbers for Test Data
RANDBETWEEN Function in Excel: Random Whole Numbers for Test Data
RANDBETWEEN returns a random integer between two numbers. It recalculates on every change — convert to values when you want it fixed.
Read article →SERIESSUM Function in Excel: Sum of a Power Series
SERIESSUM Function in Excel: Sum of a Power Series
SERIESSUM adds a power series a1·x^n + a2·x^(n+m) + ..., e.g. to approximate e^x or sin(x) with a few terms.
Read article →SQRTPI Function in Excel: Square Root of x Times Pi
SQRTPI Function in Excel: Square Root of x Times Pi
Maths & trigLevel: ExpertAvailable in: Excel 2007+SQRTPI returns SQRT(x*PI()), which turns up in statistics and physics.
Read article →SUMX2PY2 Function in Excel: Sum of Sums of Squares
SUMX2PY2 Function in Excel: Sum of Sums of Squares
Maths & trigLevel: ExpertAvailable in: Excel 2007+SUMX2PY2 returns Σ(x² + y²).Syntax=SUMX2PY2(array_x, array_y)ArgumentWhat it meansarray_x.
Read article →SUMX2MY2 Function in Excel: Sum of Differences of Squares
SUMX2MY2 Function in Excel: Sum of Differences of Squares
Maths & trigLevel: ExpertAvailable in: Excel 2007+SUMX2MY2 returns Σ(x² - y²) for two matching ranges.Syntax=SUMX2MY2(array_x, array_y)ArgumentWhat it.
Read article →SEC Function in Excel: Secant
SEC Function in Excel: Secant
Maths & trigLevel: ExpertAvailable in: Excel 2013+SEC returns 1/COS(x).Syntax=SEC(number)ArgumentWhat it meansnumberValue (angles in.
Read article →TANH Function in Excel: Hyperbolic Tangent
TANH Function in Excel: Hyperbolic Tangent
TANH returns the hyperbolic tangent; also an activation function in neural networks.
Read article →CSC Function in Excel: Cosecant
CSC Function in Excel: Cosecant
Maths & trigLevel: ExpertAvailable in: Excel 2013+CSC returns 1/SIN(x).Syntax=CSC(number)ArgumentWhat it meansnumberValue (angles in.
Read article →COT Function in Excel: Cotangent
COT Function in Excel: Cotangent
Maths & trigLevel: ExpertAvailable in: Excel 2013+COT returns 1/TAN(x).Syntax=COT(number)ArgumentWhat it meansnumberValue (angles in.
Read article →